21 陈伯江大校专栏 第二次浪潮战争(doc)
19 Second Wave War The industrial revolution launched1 the Second Wave of historical change. That “ wave” transformed the way millions of people made a living. And war once more mirrored2 the changes in wealth creation and work. Just as mass production was the core principle of industrial economies, mass destruction became the core principle of industrial-age warfare3. It remains the hallmark4 of Second Wave war. Starting with the late 1600s, when the steam engine was introduced to pump water out of British mines, when Newton5 transformed science, when Descartes6 rewrote philosophy, when factories began to dot the land, when industrial mass production began to replace peasant-based agriculture in the West, war, too, became progressively industrialized. Mass production was paralleled7 by the conscription8 of mass armies paid by and loyal not to the local landowner, clan9 leader, or warlord, but to the modern nation-state. The draft10 was not new, but the idea of a whole nation in arms was a product of the French Revolution, which roughly marked the crisis of the old agrarian11 regime12 and the political rise of a modernizing bourgeoisie13. Relying on its industrial base for victory the United States during World War II not only sent l5 million men to war, but mass- manufactured nearly 6 million rifles and machine guns, over 300,000 planes, 100,000 tanks and armored vehicles, 7l,000 naval vessels, and 41 billion rounds14 of ammunition15. World War II showed the awesome potential for industrializing death. The Nazis murdered 6 million Jews in true factory style--creating what were, in effect, assembly lines for death. The war itself led to the slaughter of l5 million soldiers from all countries and nearly twice that number of civilians. Thus, even before atomic bombs destroyed Hiroshima16 and Nagasaki17, war had reached unparalleled levels of mass destruction.On March 9,1945,for example, 334 American B-29 bombers hit Tokyo in a single attack that destroyed 267,l7l buildings and killed 84,000 civilians (wounding 40,000 more), while flattening 16 square miles of the city. Massive raids also hit Coventry in England, and Dresden, in Germany, not to mention smaller population centers all across Europe. Unlike Sun-tzu, who held that the most successful general was the one who achieved his ends without battle, or with minimal losses, Karl von Clausewitz (l780～ l83l), the father of modern strategy, taught a different lesson. His dictum18 that “ war is an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds” reverberated19 through the wars of the industrial-age. 第二次浪潮战争 工业革命开创了历史发展变革的第二次浪潮。这次浪潮改变了千百万人谋生的方式。 而战争则再次反映了财富创造和工作方式的变化。 　　正如大规模生产是工业经济的核心法则一样，大规模毁灭成了工业时代战争的核心 法则。这一点始终是第二次浪潮战争的标志。 　　从17世纪末开始，随着蒸汽机用来抽取英国矿井的地下水；牛顿改变了科学面貌； 笛卡尔改写了哲学思想；工厂开始点缀大地；工业大规模生产开始取代西方以农民为基 础的农业，战争也开始向工业化迈进。 　　伴随大规模生产而来的是大规模征兵活动。军队不再由地主、部落头领或军阀支付 军饷，也不再效忠于他们，而是由现代的民族国家支付军饷并仅效忠于国家。这种征兵 方式并不新鲜，但是全民皆兵的思想却是法国大革命的产物。它大致标示了旧的农业社 会制度的危机和日益现代化的资产阶级在政治上的兴起。 　　第二次世界大战期间，美国依靠自身的工业基础而获胜。它不仅往前线输送了1500 万士兵，而且还大规模生产了近600万支步枪和机关枪、30多万架飞机、10万辆坦克和装 甲车、7.1万艘舰艇和410亿发弹药。 　　第二次世界大战向人们展示了工业化进程带来的致人死亡的可怕潜力。纳粹以不折 不扣的杀人工厂模式(实际上是建立了屠杀流水线)杀害了600万犹太人。这次大战本身还 造成了各国共1500万士兵和近3000万平民的死亡。 　　因此，实际上在原子弹摧毁日本广岛、长崎之前，战争造成的大规模毁灭就已达到 了空前的水平。例如，在1945年3月9日的一次对东京的空袭中，334架美制B- 29轰炸机摧毁了267171座楼房、炸死平民8．4万名、炸伤4万余名，把16平方英里的市区 夷为平地。 　　大规模的空袭也袭击了英国的考文垂市、德国的德累斯顿市，更不用说欧洲其他地 区的一些小城市了。中国古代军事家孙子认为：最成功的将领是不战而胜，或小损大胜 的将领。然而现代战略之父卡尔·冯·克劳塞维茨（1780～1831）却提出不同的看法。他 关于“战争是暴力发展到极限的行动”的论断就是工业时代战争的写照。 1.launch[λΧ:ντΦ]vt.开创，首创 2.mirror[5μιρΕ]vt.反映 3.warfare[5ωΧ:φΖΕ]n.战争，战争状态 4.hallmark[ηΧ:λ]n.标志，特征 5.Newton,SirIsaac牛顿(1642～1727)， 6.Descartes,René笛卡尔(1596～1650)，法国哲学家、自然科学家、解析几何学的奠基 人。 7.parallel[5π“ρΕλελ]vt.与…平行发生 8.conscription[κΕν5σκριπΦΕν]n.(强制)征兵 9.clan[κλ“ν]n.宗族，部落，家族 10.draft[δρΒ:φτ]n.征兵，服役 11.agrarian[Ε5⊥ρΖΕριΕν]adj.农业的 12.regime[7ρεδ
21 陈伯江大校专栏 第二次浪潮战争(doc)